#DOPPLER ULTRASOUND LEGS FULL#

Left uncontrolled, other applied pressure schemes common in the BFR literature (e.g., 200 mmHg, 1.3x systolic blood pressure, etc.) may unfavorably impact acute responses to BFR exercise, reducing adherence while increasing the potential for exercise to be carried out under full occlusion ( Chulvi-Medrano et al., 2023). This approach inherently controls for variances in cuff widths ( Mouser et al., 2018 Evin et al., 2021), limb circumferences and participant blood pressures ( Loenneke et al., 2015). The use of AOP has its roots in the surgical world where it has been suggested both safety and post-operative pain are affected increased use in the BFR literature has been both encouraged by a group of experienced researchers and reported in recent reviews and trials ( AORN Recommended Practices Committee, 2007 Morehouse et al., 2021 Murray et al., 2021). AOP is the minimum pressure needed to completely occlude arterial inflow and venous return to the limb ( Patterson et al., 2019). ( Loenneke et al., 2012) was the first to suggest that applied BFR pressures be standardized relative to the cuff and the individual using arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). To the authors’ knowledge, Loenneke et al. These acute responses will have safety implications due to their impact on hemodynamics but may also have longitudinal influence given the associated perceptual responses ( Rossow et al., 2012). Device features that impact the delivery of pressure to the limb are of particular importance given pressure’s impact on acute responses to the exercise technique ( Hughes et al., 2018 Jacobs et al., 2023). Apart from cuff width, little is known regarding most features that make one cuff different from the next. As is true of all product markets, manufacturers have included a variety of different features to their respective BFR cuffs to appeal to the consumer.

Fueled at least in part by its ability to generate musculoskeletal and cardiovascular performance benefits with reduced mechanical loads ( Lixandrão et al., 2018 Formiga et al., 2020), this interest has also fueled an in-kind response from the device manufacturing market. The interest and adoption of blood flow restriction (BFR) training in the rehabilitation and fitness settings has increased substantially in recent years ( de Queiros et al., 2021 Mills et al., 2021 Cuffe et al., 2022). We propose numerous avenues for future research to help shape the practice of BFR that may ultimately enhance efficacy and safety using a variety of BFR technologies. As more devices enter the marketplace for consumer purchase, investigations specifically looking at their impact is warranted. Features including the presence of autoregulation during exercise, the type of bladder system used, the shape of the cuff, the set pressure versus the interface pressure, and the bladder length will be addressed as these variables have the potential to alter the responses to BFR training. This manuscript highlights additional cuff design and features and hypothesizes on their potential to impact the response and safety profile of BFR. While cuff width and cuff material have been somewhat addressed in the literature, other cuff design and features have received less attention. However, as BFR training is gaining popularity in both practice and research, there is a lack of awareness for potentially important design characteristics and features associated with BFR cuff application that may impact the acute and longitudinal responses to training as well as the safety profile of BFR exercise. Training with blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to be a useful technique to improve muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength and a host of other physiological benefits in both healthy and clinical populations using low intensities. 3Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), NatalRN, Brazil.2Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States.1The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, NY, United States.Nicholas Rolnick 1*, Kyle Kimbrell 2 and Victor de Queiros 3

Doppler ultrasound legs